The restrictions will apply from midnight local time (18:30 GMT) and will be enforced for 21 days.
"There will be a total ban on venturing out of your homes," Mr Modi said in a televised address.
India – which has a population of 1.3bn – joins a growing list of countries that have imposed similar measures.
Nearly 400,000 people have tested positive for the virus worldwide, and around 17,000 have died.
The new measures follow a sharp increase in cases in recent days. There have been 519 confirmed cases in India and 10 reported deaths.
bbc.com
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